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Complete PICLE corpus of essays by Polish advanced EFL students (330,000)

There is sufficient evidence that animals fulfill all the conditions from the first group. Obviously, most animals use the verbal channel, thus it is not an exclusively human ability. Arbitrariness, which says that there is no direct connection between a speech symbol and what this symbol stands for, can be best illustrated by the dolphins' use of sounds that constitute a sort of a naming system. Semantics, which says that symbols should be assigned a well-defined meaning, also exists in the animal world. Talapoins, for instance, use three different sounds for three different kinds of upcoming peril, namely: the sound "rroup" stands for a danger lurking in the air; "uh" - for danger coming from the land; and "tchirp" - in extremely dangerous situations.